John Newton's Letters
A Christian library
"Of making many books there is no end, and much study
wearies the body." Ecclesiastes 12:12
Dear Sir,
An eager desire of reading many books, though it is often supposed to be the
effect of a taste for knowledge, is perhaps a principal cause of detaining
multitudes in ignorance and perplexity. When an inexperienced person thus
ventures into the uncertain tide of opinions, he is liable to be hurried
hither and thither with the changing stream; to fall in with every new
proposal, and to be continually perplexed with the difficulty of
distinguishing between probability and truth. Or if, at last, he happily
finds a clue to lead him through the labyrinth wherein so many have been
lost, he will acknowledge, upon a review, that from what he remembers to
have read (for perhaps the greater part he has wholly forgotten), he has
gained little more than a discovery of what mistakes, uncertainty,
insignificance, acrimony, and presumption, are often obtruded on the world
under the disguise of a plausible title-page.
It is far from my intention to depreciate the value or
deny the usefulness of books, without exception. A few well-chosen
treatises, carefully perused and thoroughly digested, will deserve and
reward our pains; but a multiplicity of reading is seldom attended with a
good effect. Besides the confusion it often brings upon the judgment and
memory, it occasions a vast expense of time, indisposes for close thinking,
and keeps us poor, in the midst of seeming plenty, by reducing us to live
upon the thoughts of others, instead of laboring to improve and increase the
stock of our own reflections.
Every branch of knowledge is attended with this
inconvenience; but it is in no one more sensibly felt than when the inquiry
is directed to the subject of religion. Perhaps no country has abounded so
much with religious books as our own: many of them are truly excellent; but
a very great number of those which are usually met with, as they stand
recommended by great names, and the general taste of the public, are more
likely to mislead an inquirer, than to direct him into the paths of true
peace and wisdom.
And even in those books which are in the main agreeable
to the word of God, there is often so great a mixture of human infirmity, so
much of the spirit of controversy and party, such manifest defects in some,
and so many unwarrantable additions to the simple truth of the Gospel in
others, that, unless a person's judgment is already formed, or he has a
prudent friend to direct his choice, he will be probably led into error or
prejudice before he is aware, by his attachment to a favorite author.
Allowing, therefore, the advantage of a discreet and
seasonable use of human writings, I would point out a still more excellent
way for the acquisition of true knowledge: a method which, if wholly
neglected, the utmost diligence in the use of every other means will prove
ineffectual; but which, if faithfully pursued, in an humble dependence upon
the Divine blessing, will not only of itself lead us by the straightest path
to wisdom, but will also give a double efficacy to every subordinate
assistance.
If I may be allowed to use the term "book" in a
metaphorical sense, I may say, that the Most High God, in condescension to
the weakness of our faculties, the brevity of our lives, and our many
avocations, has comprised all the knowledge conducive to our real happiness
in four comprehensive volumes. The first, which may be considered as
the text, is cheap, portable, and compendious, so that hardly any person in
our favored land, who is apprised of its worth, need be without it; and the
other three, which are the best and fullest commentaries upon this, are
always at hand for our perusal, and pressing upon our attention in every
place and circumstance of our lives.
It will be easily apprehended, that by the first book or
volume, I mean that perfect and infallible system of truth,
the BIBLE. The internal character of
this book, arising from its comprehensiveness, simplicity, majesty, and
authority, sufficiently prove, to every enlightened mind, that it is given
by inspiration of God. They who are competent judges of this evidence, are
no more disturbed by the suggestions of some men reputed wise, that it is of
human composition, than if they were told that men had invented the sun and
placed it in the sky. Its fullness speaks its Author. No case has yet
occurred, or ever will, for which there is not a sufficient provision made
in this invaluable treasury. Here we may seek (and we shall not seek in
vain) wherewith to combat and vanquish every error, to illustrate and
confirm every spiritual truth. Here are promises suited to every need,
directions adapted to every doubt, which can possibly arise. Here is milk
for babes, meat for strong men, medicines for the wounded, refreshment for
the weary. The general history of all nations and ages, and the particular
experience of each private believer, from the beginning to the end of
time—are wonderfully comprised in this single volume; so that whoever reads
and improves it aright, may discover his state, his progress, his
temptations, his danger, and his duty—as distinctly and minutely marked out,
as if the whole had been written for him alone. In this respect, as well as
in many others, great is the mystery of godliness.
The simplicity, as well as the subject-matter, of
the Bible, evinces its Divine original. Though it has depths sufficient to
perplex and confound the proudest efforts of unsanctified reason, it does
not, as to its general import, require an elevated genius to understand it,
but is equally addressed to the level of every capacity. As its contents are
of universal concern, they are proposed in such a manner as to engage and
satisfy the inquiries of all; and the learned, with respect to their own
personal interest, have no advantage above the ignorant. That it is in fact
read by many who receive no instruction or benefit from it, is wholly owing
to their inattention or vanity. This event may rather excite grief, than
wonder. The Bible teaches us to expect it. It forewarns us, that the natural
man cannot receive the things of God; they can neither understand nor
approve them. It points out to us the necessity of a heavenly teacher, the
Holy Spirit, who has promised to guide those who seek him by prayer, into
all necessary truth. Those who implore his assistance, find the seals
opened, the veil taken away, and the way of salvation made plain before
them.
The language of the Bible is likewise clothed with
inimitable majesty and authority. God speaks in it, and reveals the glory of
his perfections—his sovereignty, holiness, justice, goodness, and grace—in a
manner worthy of himself, though at the same time admirably adapted to our
weakness. The most labored efforts of human genius are flat and languid, in
comparison with those parts of the Bible which are designed to give us due
apprehensions of that God with whom we have to do. Where shall we find such
instances of the true, the sublime, the great, the marvelous, the beautiful,
the heart-stirring, as in the Holy Scriptures?
Again: the effects which it performs demonstrate
it to be the word of God. With a powerful and penetrating energy, it alarms
and pierces the conscience, discovers the thoughts and intents of the heart,
convinces the most obstinate, and makes the most careless tremble. With
equal authority and efficacy, it speaks peace to the troubled mind, heals
the wounded spirit, and can impart a joy unspeakable and full of glory, in
the midst of the deepest distress. It teaches, persuades, comforts, and
reproves, with an authority that can neither be disputed nor evaded; and
often communicates more light, motives, and influence, by a single sentence,
to a plain unlettered believer, than he could derive from the voluminous
commentaries of the learned.
In a word, the Bible answers the character the Apostle
gives it: "It is able to make us wise unto salvation; it is completely and
alone sufficient to make the man of God perfect, thoroughly furnished for
every good work." The doctrines, histories, prophecies, promises, precepts,
exhortations, examples, and warnings, contained in the Bible, form a perfect
WHOLE, a complete summary of the will of God concerning us, in which nothing
is lacking, nothing is superfluous.
The second volume which deserves our study, is the book
of CREATION. "The heavens tell of the
glory of God. The skies display his marvelous craftsmanship." Nor can we
cast our eyes anywhere, without meeting innumerable proofs of his wisdom,
power, goodness, and presence. God is revealed in the least, as well
as in the greatest of his works. The sun and the glow-worm, the stars
and each single blade of grass—are equally the effects of Divine power. The
lines of this book, though very beautiful and expressive in themselves, are
not immediately legible by fallen man. The works of creation may be compared
to a beautiful, but unknown language—of which the Bible is the key; and
without this key they cannot be understood. This book was always open to the
heathens; but they could not read it, nor discern the proofs of his eternal
power and Godhead which it affords. "They became vain in their own
imaginations, and worshiped the creature more than the Creator."
The case is much the same at this day with many reputed
wise, whose hearts are not subjected to the authority of the Bible. The
study of the works of God, independent of his word, though dignified with
the names of science and philosophy, is no better than an elaborate trifling
and waste of time. It is to be feared none are more remote from the true
knowledge of God, than many of those who value themselves most upon their
supposed knowledge of his creatures. They may speak in general terms of his
wisdom; but they live without him in the world; and their philosophy cannot
teach them either to love or serve, to fear or trust him.
Those who know God in his word, may find both pleasure
and profit in tracing his wisdom in his works, if their inquiries are kept
within due bounds, and in a proper subservience to things of greater
importance; but comparatively few have leisure, capacity, or opportunity for
these inquiries.
But the book of creation is designed for the instruction
of all believers. If they are not qualified to be astronomers or anatomists,
yet from a view of the heavens, the work of God's fingers, the moon and the
stars, which he has created, they learn to conceive of his condescension,
power, and faithfulness. Though they are unacquainted with the theory of
light and colors, they can see in the rainbow a token of God's covenant
love. Perhaps they have no idea of the magnitude or distance of the sun; but
it reminds them of Jesus the Sun of Righteousness, the source of light and
life to their souls.
The Lord has established a wonderful analogy between the
natural and the spiritual world. This is a secret only known to those who
fear him; but they contemplate it with pleasure; and almost every object
they see, when they are in a right frame of mind, either leads their
thoughts to Jesus, or tends to illustrate some scriptural truth or promise.
This is the best method of studying the book of Nature; and for this purpose
it is always open and plain to those who love the Bible, so that he who runs
may read.
The book of PROVIDENCE
is the third volume, by which those who fear the Lord are instructed.
This likewise is inextricable and unintelligible to the wisest of men who
are not governed by the word of God. But when the principles of Scripture
are admitted and understood, they throw a pleasing light upon the study of
Divine Providence, and at the same time are confirmed and illustrated by it.
What we read in the Bible, of the sovereignty, wisdom, power, omniscience,
and omnipresence of God, of his over-ruling all events to the accomplishment
of his counsels and the manifestation of his glory, of the care he maintains
of his church and people, and of his attention to their prayers—is
exemplified by the history of nations and families, and the daily
occurrences of private life.
The believer receives hourly and indubitable proofs that
the Lord reigns; that truly there is a God who judges the earth. Hence
arises a solid confidence: he sees that his concerns are in safe hands; and
he needs not be afraid of evil tidings: his heart is fixed, trusting in the
Lord; while others live at an uncertainty, exposed to the impression of
every new appearance, and, like a ship in a storm, without rudder or pilot,
abandoned to the power of the winds and waves.
In the history of Joseph, and in the book of Esther, and
indeed throughout the Bible, we have specimens of the wise unerring
providence of God: what important consequences depend, under his management,
upon the smallest events; and with what certainty seeming contingencies are
directed to the outcome which he has appointed! By these authentic specimens
we learn to judge of the whole; and with still greater advantage by the
light of the New Testament, which shows us, that the administration of all
power in heaven and earth is in the hands of Jesus. The government is upon
his shoulders: the King of saints is King of nations, King of kings, and
Lord of lords: not a sparrow falls to the ground, nor a hair from our heads,
without his cognizance. And though his ways are higher than our ways, and
his thoughts than our thoughts; though his agency is veiled from the eye
of sense by the intervention of second causes; yet faith perceives,
acknowledges, admires, and trusts his management. This study, like the
former, does not require superior natural abilities, but is obvious to the
weakest and lowest of his people, so far as their own duty and peace are
concerned.
The fourth volume is the book of the
HEART, or of Human Nature,
comprehending the experience of what passes within our own breasts, and the
observations we make upon the principles and conduct of others, compared
with what we read in the word of God. The heart of man is deep; but all its
principles and workings, in every possible situation, and the various ways
in which it is affected by sin, by Satan, by worldly objects, and by
grace—in solitude and in company, in prosperity and in affliction—are
disclosed and unfolded in the Scripture. Many, who are proud of their
knowledge of what they might be safely ignorant of, are utter strangers to
themselves. Having no acquaintance with the Scripture, they have neither
skill nor inclination to look into their own hearts, nor any certain
criterion whereby to judge of the conduct of human life. But the Bible which
teaches us to read this mysterious book, also shows us the source, nature,
and tendency of our hopes, fears, desires, pursuits, and perplexities; the
reasons why we cannot be happy in ourselves, and the vanity and
insufficiency of everything around us to help us.
The rest and happiness proposed in the Gospel, is
likewise found to be exactly suitable to the desires and necessities of the
awakened heart. And the conduct of those who reject this salvation, as well
as the gracious effects produced in those who receive it, prove to a
demonstration, that the word of God is indeed a discerner of the thoughts
and intents of the heart.
My limits will admit but of a few hints upon these
extensive subjects. I shall only observe, that whoever is well read in these
four books, is a wise person, how little whatever he may know of what the
men of the world call science. On the other hand, though a man should
be master of the whole circle of classical, scientific, and philosophical
knowledge, if he has no taste for the Bible, and has no ability to apply it
to the works of creation and providence, and his own experience—he knows
nothing yet as he ought to know. I have pointed out a treasure of more worth
than all the volumes in the Vatican.