The Fountain of Life
The Fountain of Life opened up: or, a display
of Christ in his essential and mediatorial glory.
by John Flavel
The Covenant of Redemption between
the Father and the Redeemer
"Therefore will I divide him a portion with the great,
and he shall divide the spoil with the strong; because he has poured out his
soul unto death: and he was numbered with the transgressors; and he bore the
sin of many, and made intercession for the transgressors." Isa.53:12.
In this chapter, the gospel seems to be epitomized; the
subject matter of it is the death of Christ, and the glorious issue thereof:
by reading of it, the Eunuch of old, and many Jews since, have been
converted to Christ. Christ is here considered absolutely, and relatively;
Absolutely, and so his innocence is industriously vindicated, ver. 9. Though
he suffered grievous things, yet not for his own sins, "for he had done no
violence, neither was any deceit in his mouth;" but relatively considered in
the capacity of a surety for us: so the justice of God is so fully
vindicated in his sufferings; ver. 6. "The Lord has laid upon him the
iniquity of us all." How he came to sustain this capacity and relation of a
surety for us, is in these verses plainly asserted to be by his compact and
agreement with his Father, before the worlds were made, verse 10, 11,12.
In this verse we have,
1. His work.
2. His reward.
3. The respect or relation of each to the other.
(1.) His work, which was indeed a hard work, to pour out
his soul unto death, aggravated by the companions, with whom, being numbered
with transgressors; the capacity in which, bearing all the sins of the
elect, "he bare the sins of many in and by the manner of his bearing it,
viz. meekly, and forgivingly, "he made intercession for the transgressors;"
This was his work. (2.) The reward or fruit which is promised him for this
work, "therefore will I divide him a portion with the great, and he will
divide the spoil with the strong;" wherein is a plain allusion to conquerors
in war, for whom are reserved the richest garments, and most honorable
captives to follow the conqueror, as an addition to his magnificence and
triumph; these were accustomed to come after them in chains, Isa. 45:14. see
Judges 5:3 (3.) The respect or relation between that work and this triumph:
some will have this work to have no other relation to that glory, than a
mere antecedent to a consequent: others give it the respect and relation of
a meritorious cause to a reward. It is well observed by Dr. Featly, that the
Hebrew particle "lachen", which we render therefore, noting order, is not
worth so much contention about it, whether it be the order of casualty, or
mere antecedence; neither do I foresee any absurdity in calling Christ's
exaltation the reward and fruit of his humiliation: however, it is plain,
whether one or other, it is that the Father here agrees and promises to give
him, if he will undertake the redemption of the elect, by pouring out his
soul unto death; of all which this is the plain result:
DOCTRINE. That the business of man's salvation was
transacted upon covenant terms, between the Father and the Son, from all
eternity.
I would not here be mistaken, as though I were now to
treat of the covenant of grace, made in Christ between God and us; it is not
the covenant of grace, but of redemption, I am now to speak to, which
differs from the covenant of grace, in regard of the federates in this, it
is God the Father, and Jesus Christ, that mutually covenant; in that, it is
God and man: they differ, also in the receptive part, in this it is required
of Christ that he should shed his blood, in that it is required of us that
we believe. They also differ in their promises; in this, God promises to
Christ a name above every name, ample dominion from sea to sea; in that, to
us, grace and glory: so that these are two distinct covenants.
The substance of this covenant of redemption is,
dialogue-wise, expressed to us in Isa. 49, where, (as divines have well
observed) Christ begins, at the first and second verses, and shows his
commission, telling his Father, how he had both called, and prepared him for
the work of redemption; "The Lord has called me from the womb - he has made
my mouth like a sharp sword, and made me a polished shaft", &c. q. d. by
reason of that superabundant measure of the spirit of wisdom and power
wherewith I am anointed and filled; my doctrine shall, as a sword, pierce
the hearts of sinners; yes, like an arrow, drawn to the head, strike deep
into souls standing at a great distance from God and godliness.
Having told God how ready, and fit he was for his
service, he will know of him what reward he shall have for his work, for he
resolves his blood shall not be undervalued; hereupon, verse 3, the Father
offers him the elect of Israel for his reward, bidding low at first (as they
that make bargains use to do) and only offers him that small remnant, still
intending to bid higher: But Christ will not be satisfied with these, he
values his blood higher than so: therefore, in verse 4 he is brought in
complaining, "I have labored in vain, and spent my strength for nothing," q.
d. This is but a small reward for so great a suffering, as I must undergo;
my blood is much more worth than this comes to, and will be sufficient to
redeem all the elect dispersed among the isles of the Gentiles, as well as
the lost sheep of the house of Israel. Hereupon the Father comes up higher,
and tells him, he intends to reward him better than so; and therefore, verse
6 says, "It is a light thing that you should be my servant to raise up the
tribes of Jacob, and to restore the preserved of Israel; I will also give
you for a light to the Gentiles, that you may be my salvation to the ends of
the earth." Thus is the treaty carried on between them, transacting it after
the manner of men.
Now, to open this great point, we will here consider,
(1.) The persons transacting one with another.
(2.) The business transacted.
(3.) The quality and manner of the transaction, which is
federal.
(4.) The articles to which they agree.
(5.) How each person performs his engagement to the
other.
And, Lastly, The antiquity or eternity of this covenant
transaction.
(1.) The persons transacting and dealing with each other
in this covenant; and indeed they are great persons, God the Father, and God
the Son, the former as a Creditor, and the latter as a Surety. The Father
stands upon satisfaction, the Son engages to give it. If it be demanded, why
the Father and the Spirit might not as well have treated upon our
redemption, as the Father and Son! It is answered, Christ is the natural Son
of God, and therefore fittest to make us the adopted sons of God. Christ
also is the middle person in the Trinity, and therefore fittest to be the
mediator and middle person between us and God. The Spirit has another office
assigned him, even to apply, as Christ's viceregent, the redemption designed
by the Father, and purchased by the Son for us.
(2.) The business transacted between them; and that was
the redemption and recovery of all God's elect: our eternal happiness lay
now before them, our dearest and everlasting concerns were now in their
hands: the elect (though not yet in being) are here considered as existent,
yes, and as fallen, miserable, forlorn creatures: How these may again be
restored to happiness without prejudice to the honor, justice and truth of
God; this, this is the business that lay before them.
(3.) For the manner, or quality of the transaction, it
was federal, or of the nature of a covenant; it was by mutual engagements
and stipulations, each person undertaking to perform his part in order to
our recovery.
We find each person undertaking for himself by solemn
promise; the Father promises that he will "hold his hand, and keep him," Isa.
42:6. The Son promises, he will obey his Father's call to suffering, and not
"be rebellious," Isa. 50:5. And, having promised, each holds the other to
his engagement. The father stands upon the satisfaction promised him; and,
when the payment was making, he will not abate him one farthing, Rom. 8:32.
"God spared not his own Son," I. e. he abated nothing of the full price he
was to have at his hands for us.
And as the Father stood strictly upon the terms of the
covenant, so did Christ also; John 17:45. "I have glorified you on earth,
(says he to the Father) I have finished the work you gave me to do; and now,
Father, glorify me with your own self." As if he had said, Father, the work
is done, now where is the wages I was promised? I call for glory as my due,
as much my due as the hire of the laborer is his due, when his work is done.
4. More particularly; we will next consider the articles
to which they do both agree; or, what it is that each person does for
himself promise to the other. And, to let us see how much the Father's heart
is engaged in the salvation of poor sinners, there are five things which he
promises to do for Christ, if he will undertake that work.
First, He promises to invest him, and anoint him to a
threefold office, answerable to the misery that lay upon the elect as so
many bars to all communion with, and enjoyment of God; for, if ever man be
restored to that happiness, the blindness of his mind must be cured, the
guilt of sin expiated, and his captivity to sin led captive: answerably,
Christ must, "of God, be made unto us, wisdom, righteousness, sanctification
and redemption," 1 Cor. 1:30. And he is made so to us as our Prophet,
Priest, and King; but he could not put himself into either of these; for if
so, he had acted without commissions and consequently all he did had been
invalid; Heb. 5:5. "Christ glorified not himself to be made an High-Priest,
but he that said unto him, You are my Son". A commission therefore to act
authoritatively, in these offices, being necessary to our recovery, the
Father engages to him to seal him such a threefold commission.
He promises to invest him with an eternal and royal
Priesthood, Psalm. 110:4. "The Lord has sworn, and will not repent; You are
a priest forever, after the order of Melchisedec." This Melchisedec being
King of Righteousness, and king of Salem, that is, Peace, had a royal
priesthood; and his descent not being reckoned, it had an adumbration of
eternity in it, and so was more apt to type and shadow forth the priesthood
of Christ than Aaron's was, Heb. 7:16, 17, 24, 25, as the apostle
accommodates them there.
He promises moreover to make him a Prophet, and that an
extraordinary one, even the Prince of prophets; the chief Shepherd, as much
superior to all others, as the sun is to the lesser stars; so you have it,
Isa. 42:6, 7. "I will give you for a light to the Gentiles, to open the
blind eyes," &c.
And not only so, but to make him king also, and that of
the whole empire of the world; so Psalm. 2:6, 7, 8. "Ask of me, and I will
give you the Heathen for your inheritance, and the utmost ends of the earth
for your possession." Thus he promises to qualify and furnish him completely
for the work, by his investiture with this threefold office.
Secondly, And forasmuch as he knew it was a hard and
difficult work his Son was to undertake, a work that would have broken the
backs of all the angels in heaven, and men on earth, had they engaged in it;
therefore he promises to stand by him, and assist and strengthen him for it:
so, Isa. 42:5, 6, 7. "I will hold your hand," or take hold of you with my
hands, for so it may be rendered, I. e. I will underprop and support your
humanity, when it is even overweighted with the burden that is to come upon
it, and ready to sink down under it; for so you know the case stood with
him, Mark 14:34, and so it was foretold of him, Isa. 53:7. "He was
oppressed," &c. and indeed the humanity needed a prop of no less strength
than the infinite power of the Godhead: the same promise you have in the
first verse also, "Behold my servant whom I uphold."
Thirdly, He promises to crown his work with success, and
bring it to an happy issue, Isa. 53:10. "He shall see his seed, he shall
prolong his days, and the pleasure of the Lord shall prosper in his hand."
He shall not begin, and not finish; he shall not shed his invaluable blood
upon hazardous terms; but shall see and reap the sweet fruits thereof; as
the joyful mother forgets her pangs, when she delightfully embraces and
kisses her living child.
Fourthly, The Father promises to accept him in his work,
though millions should certainly perish, Isa. 49:4. "Surely (says he) my
work is with the Lord." And, verse 5. "I shall be glorious in the eyes of
the Lord." His faith has therein respect to this compact and promise.
Accordingly the Father manifests the satisfaction he had in him, and in his
work, even while he was about it upon the earth, when there came such a
"voice from the excellent glory, saying, This is my beloved Son, in whom I
am well pleased."
Fifthly, As he engaged to reward him highly for his work,
by exalting him to singular and super-eminent glory and honor, when he
should have dispatched and finished it. So you read, Psalm. 2:7. "I will
declare the decree; the Lord has said unto me, You are my Son, this day have
I begotten you." It is spoken of the day of his resurrection, when he had
just finished his sufferings. And so the apostle expounds and applies it,
Acts 13:32, 33. For then did the Lord wipe away the reproach of his cross,
and invested him with such glory, that he looked like himself again. As if
the Father had said, now you have again recovered your glory, and this day
is to you as a new birth-day.
These are the encouragements and rewards proposed and
promised to him by the Father. This was the "joy set before him", (as the
apostle phrases it in Heb. 12:2.) which made him so patiently to "endure the
cross, and despise the shame."
And in like manner Jesus Christ restipulates, and gives
his engagement to the Father; that, upon these terms, he is content to be
made flesh, to divest, as it were, himself of his glory, to come under the
obedience and malediction of the law, and not to refuse any, the hardest
sufferings it should please his Father to inflict on him. So much is implied
in Isa. 50:5, 6, 7. "The Lord has opened mine ear, and I was not rebellious,
neither turned away back; I gave my back to the smilers, and my cheeks to
them that pulled off the hair; I hid not my face from shame and spitting:
For the Lord God will help me, therefore shall I not be confounded; I have
set my face as a flint, and I know that I shall not be ashamed." When he
says, I was not rebellious, he means, I was most heartily willing, and
content to accept the terms; for there is a Meiosis in the words, and much
more is intended than expressed. And the sense of this place is well
delivered to us in other terms, Psalm. 40:6, 7, 8, 9, 10. "Then said I, Lo I
come, I delight to do your will, O God, your law is within my heart." O see
with what a full consent the heart of Christ closes with the Father's offers
and proposals; like some echo, that answers your voice twice or thrice over.
So does Christ here answer his Father's call, "I come, I delight to do your
will; yes, your law is in my heart." And thus you see the articles to which
they both subscribed, or the terms they agreed on.
(5.) I will briefly show how these articles, and
agreements were on both parts, performed, and that precisely and punctually.
For, (1.) The Son having thus consented, accordingly he applies himself to
the discharge of his work. He took a body, in it fulfilled all
righteousness, even to a little, Matth. 3:15. And at last his out was made
an offering for sin, so that he could say as it is, John 17:4. "Father, I
have glorified you on earth, I have finished the work you gave me to do." He
went through all the parts of his active, and passive obedience, cheerfully
and faithfully. (2.) The Father made good his engagements to Christ, all
along, with no less faithfulness than Christ did his. He promised to assist,
and hold his hand, and so he did; Luke 22:43, "And there appeared to him an
angel from heaven, strengthening him." That was one of the sorest brunts
that ever Christ met with; this was seasonable aid and support. He promised
to accept him in his work, and that he should be glorious in his eyes; so he
did: for he not only declared it by a voice from heaven, Luke 3:22!. "You
are my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased:" But it was fully-declared in
his resurrection and ascension, which were a full discharge and
justification of him. He promised him that "He should see his seed," and so
he did; for his very birth-dew was as the dew of the morning; and ever since
his blood has been fruitful in the world. He promised gloriously to reward
and exalt him; and so he has, Phil. 2:9, 10, 11, and that highly and
super-eminently, "giving him a name above every name in heaven and earth."
Thus were the articles performed.
(6.) Lastly, When was this compact made between the
Father and the Son? I answer, it bears date from eternity. Before this world
was made, then were his delights in us, while as yet we had no existence,
but only in the infinite mind and purpose of God, who had decreed this for
us in Christ Jesus, as the apostle speaks, 2 Tim. 1:9. What grace was that
which was given us in Christ before the world began, but this grace of
redemption, which was from everlasting thus contrived and designed for us,
in that way which has been here opened? Then was the council, or
consultation of peace between them both, as some take that scripture, Zech.
6:13.
Next let us apply it to ourselves.
Use 1. The first use that offers itself to us from hence,
is the abundant security that God has given the elect for their salvation,
and that not only in respect of the covenant of grace made with then, but
also of this covenant of redemption made with Christ for them; which indeed
is the foundation of the covenant of grace. God's single promise is security
enough to our faith, his covenant of grace adds--farther security; but both
these viewed as the effects and fruits of this covenant of redemption, make
all fast and sure. In the covenant of grace, we question not the performance
on God's part, but we are often stumbled at the grand defects on our parts.
But when we look to the covenant of redemption there is nothing to stagger
our faith, both the federates being infinitely able and faithful to perform
their parts; so that there is no possibility of a failure there. Happy were
it, if puzzled and perplexed Christians would turn their eyes from the
defects that are in their obedience, to the fullness and completeness of
Christ's obedience; and see themselves complete in him, when most lame and
defective in themselves.
Use 2. Hence also to be informed, that God the Father,
and God the Son, do mutually rely and trust to one another in the business
of our redemption. The Father relies upon the Son for the performance of his
part; as it is, Isa. 42:1, " Behold my servant, whom I uphold." Montanus
turns it, on whom I lean or depend. As if the Father had said, behold what a
faithful servant I have chosen, in whom my soul is at rest: I know he will
go through with his work, I can depend upon him. And, to speak plain, the
Father so far trusted Christ, that upon the credit of his promise to come
into the world, and in the fullness of time to become a sacrifice for the
elect, he saved all the Old Testament saints, whose faith also respected a
Christ to come; with reference whereto, it is said, Heb. 11:39, 40. "That
they received not the promises, God having provided some better things for
us, that they without us should not be made perfect," I. e. without Jesus
Christ manifested in the flesh, in our times, though believed on, as to come
in the flesh, in their times. And as the Father trusted Christ, so does
Christ, in like manner, depend upon, and trust his Father. For, having
performed his part, and left the world again, he now trusteth his Father for
the accomplishment of that promise made him, Isa. 53:10. "That he shall see
his seed," &c. He depends upon his Father for all the elect that are left
behind, yet unregenerated, as well as those already called, that they shall
be all preserved unto the heavenly kingdom, according to that, John 17:11.
"And now I am no more in the world, but these are in the world; and I come
unto you: holy Father, keep, through your own name, those whom you have
given me." And can it be imagined, that the Father will fail in his trust,
who every way acquitted himself so punctually to the Son? It cannot be.
Use 3. Moreover, hence we infer the validity and
unquestionable success of Christ's intercession in heaven for believers. You
read, Heb. 7:25. "That he ever lives to make intercession; and, Heb. 12:24.
"That his blood speaks for good things for them." Non, that his blood shall
obtain what it pleads in heaven for, is undoubted, and that from the
consideration of this covenant of redemption. For here you see that the
things he now asks of his Father, are the very same which his Father
promised him, and covenanted to give him, before this world was. So that,
besides the interest of the person, the very equity of the matter speaks its
success, and requires performance. Whatever he asks for us, is as due to him
as the wages of the hireling, when the work is ended; if the work be done,
and done faithfully, as the Father has acknowledged it is, then the reward
is due, and due immediately; and no doubt but he shall receive it from the
lands of a righteous God.
Use 4. Hence, in like manner, you may be informed of the
consistency of grace with full satisfaction to the justice of God. The
apostle, 2 Tim. 1:9. tells us, "We are saved according to his own purpose
and grace, which was given us in Jesus Christ before the world began." I. e.
According to the gracious terms of this covenant of redemption; and yet you
see notwithstanding, how strictly God stands upon satisfaction from Christ;
so then, grace to us, and satisfaction to justice, are not so inconsistent
as the Socinian adversaries would make them; what was debt to Christ, is
grace to us: when you hear men cry out, Here is grace indeed! pay me all,
and I will forgive you; remember, how all mouths are stopped with that one
text, Rom. 3:24. "Being justified freely by his grace;" and yet he adds,
"through the redemption that is in Christ."
Use 5. Again, Hence judge of the antiquity of the love of
God to believers! what an ancient friend he has been to us; who loved us,
provided for us, and contrived all our happiness, before we were, yes,
before the world was. We reap the fruits of this covenant now, the seed
whereof was sown from eternity; yes, it is not only ancient, but also most
free: no excellencies of ours could engage the love of God; for as yet we
were not.
Use 6. Hence judge, How reasonable it is that believers
should embrace the hardest terms of obedience unto Christ, who complied with
such hard terms for their salvation: they were hard and difficult terms
indeed, on which Christ received you from the Father's hand: it was, as you
have heard, to pour out his soul unto death, or not to enjoy a soul of you.
Here you may suppose the Father to say, when driving his bargain with Christ
for you:
Father. My son, here is a company of poor miserable
souls, that have utterly undone themselves, and now lie open to my justice!
Justice demands satisfaction for them, or will satisfy itself in the eternal
ruin of them: What shall be done for these souls And thus Christ returns.
Son. O my Father, such is my love to, and pity for them,
that rather than they shall perish eternally, I will be responsible for them
as their Surety; bring in all your bills, that I may see what they owe you;
Lord, bring them all in, that there may be no after-reckonings with them; at
my hand shall you require it. I will rather choose to suffer your wrath than
they should suffer it: upon me, my Father, upon me be all their debt.
Father. But, my Son, if you undertake for them, you must
reckon to pay the last mite, expect no abatements; if I spare them, I will
not spare you.
Son. Content, Father, let it be so; charge it all upon
me, I am able to discharge it: and though it prove a kind of undoing to me,
though it impoverish all my riches, empty all my treasures, (for so indeed
it did, 2 Cor. 8:9. "Though he was rich, yet for our sakes he became poor")
yet I am content to undertake it. Blush, ungrateful believers, O let shame
cover your faces; judge in yourselves now, has Christ deserved that you
should stand with him for trifles, that you should shrink at a few petty
difficulties, and complain, this is hard, and that is harsh? O if you knew
the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ in this his wonderful condescension for
you, you could not do it.
Use 7. Lastly, How greatly are we all concerned, to make
it sure to ourselves, that we are of this number which the Father and the
Son agreed for before the world was; that we were comprehended in Christ's
engagement and compact with the Father?
Objection. Yes, but you will say, who can know that,
there were no witnesses to that agreement.
Solution. Yes, We may know, without ascending into
heaven, or prying into unrevealed secrets, that our names were in that
covenant, if, (1.) You are believers indeed; for all such the Father then
gave to Christ, John 17:8. "The men that you gave me (for of them he spoke
immediately before) they have believed that you did send me." (2.) If you
savingly know God in Jesus Christ, such were given him by the Father, John
17:6. "I have manifested your name unto the men you gave me." By this they
are discriminated from the rest, verse 25. "The world has not known you, but
these have known," &c. (3.) If you are men and women of another world; John
17:16, "They are not of the world, as I am not of the world." May it be said
of you, as of dying men, that you are not men and women for this world, that
you are crucified and dead to it, Gal. 6:14, that you are strangers in it?
Heb. 11:13, 14. (4.) If you keep Christ's word, John 17:6. "Your they were,
and you gave them me; and they have kept your word." By keeping his word,
understand the receiving of the word, in its sanctifying effects and
influences into your hearts, and your perseverance in the profession and
practice of it to the end, John 17:17, "Sanctify them through your truth,
your word is truth". John 15:7, "If you abide in me, and my words abide in
you, you shall ask what you will." Blessed and happy is that soul upon which
these blessed characters appear, which our Lord Jesus has laid so close
together, within the compass of a few verses, in this 17th chapter of John.
These are the persons the Father delivered unto Christ, and he accepted from
the Father, in this blessed covenant.